- Ideas are not created out of nothing, but are combinations and mutations of existing ideas
- Exaptation (finding new uses for existing things) and the adjacent possible (looking outward to the left and right) are important in innovation
- Great leaps beyond the adjacent possible are rare and often short-term failures
- Natural selection theory took time to mature and become fully-formed
- Tim Berners-Lee read a book as a child and was inspired to create a network where documents on different computers could be connected through hypertext links, which became the World Wide Web