- Apple, Google, Amazon, Meta, Microsoft, Samsung, and ByteDance are subjects to EU’s Digital Markets Act (DMA), given their status as ‘gatekeepers’, having over 45 million monthly active users and market caps exceeding 75 billion euros.
- Under DMA, these companies are obliged to make their messaging apps interoperable with rivals, allow users to decide pre-installed apps, and refrain from favoring their own services and apps.
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